基于PLC和變頻器的電梯控制系統的設(she)計(ji)與實現
基于PLC和變(bian)頻器的(de)(de)電梯控(kong)制系統(tong)的(de)(de)設計與實現(xian)劉洋12(武(wu)漢(han)電力(li)職業技術(shu)學院(yuan)電力(li)工程系,湖(hu)北武(wu)漢(han)430079)序流(liu)程圖,用PLC和變(bian)頻器實現(xian)了電梯控(kong)制系統(tong)的(de)(de)設計。
電梯作為運輸工具,承載著大量的人流和物流的輸送,其在人與物傳送中的作用是至關重要的。目前電梯普遍采用兩種控制方式:第種是以微機作為信號控制單元完成電梯的信號采集、運行狀態及其功能的設定,實現電梯的自動調度和集選運行等功能,其中拖動控制由變頻器來完成;第二種則是用可編程控制器取代微機以實現信號集選控制的種控制方式。國內大部分電梯都是采用的第二種控制方式,主要因為采用PLC控制具有可靠性高、編程簡單、體積小、結構緊湊等優點,并且PLC般都具有自診斷、故障種類顯示和故障報警等功能。這樣采用PLC控制實現對電梯的控制,不僅簡化了外部接線,而且提高了電梯的安全性和可靠性,為以后的功能擴展也提供了方便。
電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)結構(gou)示意(yi)圖(tu)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的主要任務(wu)是通過(guo)(guo)響應外界的輸入(ru),經(jing)過(guo)(guo)PLC運算(suan)后,決定電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的運行方式。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)1次(ci)完整(zheng)的運行過(guo)(guo)程(cheng),就是曳引電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機從啟動(dong)(dong)、勻速運行到(dao)減(jian)速停(ting)車(che)的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng),其工作過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)示意(yi)圖(tu)如所不。
啟動一輸入指令一上(shang)行(xing)/下(xia)行(xing)一郅達樓(lou)層一停止(zhi)電(dian)梯(ti)工作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)示意圖二、電(dian)梯(ti)控(kong)制系(xi)統的硬(ying)件(jian)設計本控(kong)制系(xi)統以三層樓(lou)電(dian)梯(ti)為基礎進(jin)行(xing)設計,系(xi)統的硬(ying)件(jian)構(gou)成為歐姆(mu)龍的CP1H型PLC,變頻器(歐姆(mu)龍3G3MZ),通過(guo)對應的編程(cheng)軟件(jian),可以在(zai)電(dian)腦(nao)(nao)上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)編程(cheng)、調試(shi),在(zai)電(dian)梯(ti)的運行(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中,也可通過(guo)PLC和電(dian)腦(nao)(nao)上(shang)面的程(cheng)序監控(kong)來顯示電(dian)梯(ti)的運行(xing)狀態。
在硬件設計中,首先根據PLC的(de)(de)輸入點(dian)和輸出點(dian)進行I/O地址分配,使每個輸入信號對應(ying)PLC內(nei)(nei)部的(de)(de)輸入繼電(dian)器,每個輸出信號對應(ying)PLC內(nei)(nei)部的(de)(de)輸出繼電(dian)器。
輸(shu)入(ru)信號:控(kong)制系統的控(kong)制按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)應位(wei)于(yu)(yu)電梯的操作面板上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),對應于(yu)(yu)每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),都應有選層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)指(zhi)令按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu),控(kong)制電梯到達(da)某層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的行(xing)程開(kai)關(guan)輸(shu)入(ru),共6個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)輸(shu)入(ru),乘(cheng)客(ke)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)樓(lou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)時(shi),頂層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)需(xu)(xu)要一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu),底層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)需(xu)(xu)要一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu),第(di)(di)2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)需(xu)(xu)要向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)各1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),共4個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)輸(shu)入(ru),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)手動(dong)開(kai)門按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)輸(shu)入(ru)和1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)手動(dong)關(guan)門按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)輸(shu)入(ru),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)開(kai)門行(xing)程開(kai)關(guan),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)關(guan)門行(xing)程開(kai)關(guan),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電梯上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)行(xing)限位(wei),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電梯下(xia)(xia)行(xing)限位(wei),共16個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)輸(shu)入(ru)點3.輸(shu)出(chu)信號:乘(cheng)客(ke)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)樓(lou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)時(shi),頂層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)需(xu)(xu)要一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi),底層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)需(xu)(xu)要一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi),第(di)(di)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)需(xu)(xu)要向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)召(zhao)喚(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)各1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),共4個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)輸(shu)出(chu);每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)需(xu)(xu)要樓(lou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)信號顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),轎(jiao)廂樓(lou)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)按(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)鈕(niu)(niu)(niu)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),共3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),6個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)輸(shu)出(chu)量;此外還需(xu)(xu)要1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)行(xing)指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)輸(shu)出(chu),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)下(xia)(xia)行(xing)指(zhi)示(shi)(shi)輸(shu)出(chu);1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電動(dong)機(ji)正轉(zhuan)輸(shu)出(chu),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)反轉(zhuan)輸(shu)出(chu),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)開(kai)門輸(shu)出(chu),個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)關(guan)門輸(shu)出(chu),共需(xu)(xu)輸(shu)出(chu)量16個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。
電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)包括PLC、變(bian)(bian)頻器、光電(dian)(dian)旋(xuan)轉編(bian)碼器、轎(jiao)廂操(cao)縱盤、廳外(wai)呼梯(ti)(ti)盤、門(men)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)其他電(dian)(dian)氣元件(jian)等(deng)(deng),其結(jie)構框圖如所(suo)示(shi)4.智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)由信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和拖(tuo)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)兩部分(fen)組成。主(zhu)要(yao)硬件(jian)設備(bei)包括PLC主(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)擴(kuo)展、轎(jiao)廂操(cao)縱盤、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、廳外(wai)呼梯(ti)(ti)盤、門(men)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、調速裝置、層(ceng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)指(zhi)示(shi)燈(deng)與(yu)主(zhu)拖(tuo)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等(deng)(deng),其中系(xi)(xi)統(tong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)PLC主(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)通(tong)過PLC軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)實(shi)現(xian),包括轎(jiao)內(nei)指(zhi)令、門(men)區、廳外(wai)召喚、運(yun)行(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、順向截梯(ti)(ti)、平(ping)層(ceng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)、開關(guan)門(men)運(yun)行(xing)等(deng)(deng)程(cheng)(cheng)序控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)拖(tuo)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中,電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)當前(qian)工(gong)作狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)反饋信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)直接送入PLC,再由PLC向拖(tuo)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發出平(ping)層(ceng)、速度切換、起動(dong)等(deng)(deng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。m PLC電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)結(jie)構框圖三(san)、電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)設計(ji)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)設計(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)設計(ji)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵環節。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)實(shi)際(ji)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)個人(ren)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)交互式的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),并且(qie)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在(zai)運(yun)行(xing)中各種輸入信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)隨機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)出現(xian)的(de)(de),即存在(zai)很多不確定因(yin)素,同時(shi)又有大量的(de)(de)自鎖(suo)、互鎖(suo)關(guan)系(xi)(xi),所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)采(cai)用(yong)隨機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)邏(luo)輯(ji)方(fang)式控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。PLC接收來(lai)自操(cao)縱盤和每層(ceng)的(de)(de)呼叫信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao),轎(jiao)廂和廳門(men)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)功能(neng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)以及(ji)井道和變(bian)(bian)頻器的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao),經(jing)程(cheng)(cheng)序判斷與(yu)運(yun)算實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)集選(xuan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。PLC在(zai)輸出顯示(shi)和監控(kong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)同時(shi),根據隨機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)邏(luo)輯(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求,向變(bian)(bian)頻器發出運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)向啟動(dong)、減速運(yun)行(xing)和制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)停梯(ti)(ti)等(deng)(deng)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)0,完成電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)工(gong)作全過程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
電(dian)梯(ti)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的循環(huan)過程為:檢(jian)測呼叫和(he)選(xuan)層(ceng)信(xin)號(hao),判斷(duan)電(dian)梯(ti)的運(yun)(yun)行(xing)方向,啟動運(yun)(yun)行(xing),在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)過程中(zhong)要(yao)進行(xing)順向截(jie)梯(ti)、呼梯(ti)和(he)轎內選(xuan)擇記憶(yi)等操(cao)作,到達層(ceng)站時執(zhi)行(xing)開(kai)門/關(guan)門程序。電(dian)梯(ti)在實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)的PLC控制功能流程圖(tu)如(ru)所示。電(dian)梯(ti)的運(yun)(yun)行(xing)情(qing)況可分為靜止和(he)運(yun)(yun)動兩個狀態。
(1)在(zai)靜止狀態下(xia)(xia)電梯(ti)停(ting)于某層,這時電梯(ti)所接(jie)受(shou)的(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)有兩類:來自其它層的(de)(de)呼(hu)(hu)叫信(xin)號(hao)(hao),PLC根(gen)據(ju)呼(hu)(hu)叫信(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)響應流程(cheng),做出上(shang)行或下(xia)(xia)行的(de)(de)決定,使曳引電機得電上(shang)升或下(xia)(xia)降;電梯(ti)停(ting)靠的(de)(de)本層有呼(hu)(hu)叫信(xin)號(hao)(hao),則(ze)執開關門的(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu),而(er)后根(gen)據(ju)選層信(xin)號(hao)(hao),電梯(ti)上(shang)行或下(xia)(xia)行。
(2)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)正(zheng)在運行狀(zhuang)態,如果(guo)是(shi)下(xia)行,只(zhi)響(xiang)應上(shang)行或下(xia)行的(de)狀(zhuang)態指(zhi)示,這樣可以使轎(jiao)廂(xiang)內外(wai)的(de)乘轎(jiao)廂(xiang)下(xia)層的(de)呼梯(ti)(ti)信號,上(shang)行過程(cheng)中(zhong)只(zhi)響(xiang)應轎(jiao)廂(xiang)上(shang)層客清楚地知道(dao)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)運行狀(zhuang)態。0的(de)呼梯(ti)(ti)信號。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在運行過程(cheng)中(zhong)具有樓層指(zhi)示和電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)模型已經制(zhi)造成(cheng)(cheng)功,根(gen)據流程(cheng)圖編寫(xie)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)上(shang)行、下(xia)行程(cheng)序,電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)開門(men)關(guan)門(men)程(cheng)序,設(she)置變頻器的(de)參數,根(gen)據這些(xie)程(cheng)序組合后,經調試運行良好(hao),達到了控(kong)制(zhi)目的(de)。采(cai)用(yong)PLC進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)運行控(kong)制(zhi),控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)的(de)硬件結(jie)構(gou)大為(wei)簡化,同(tong)時由于采(cai)用(yong)的(de)是(shi)‘’軟(ruan)接(jie)線(xian)“方法的(de)程(cheng)序控(kong)制(zhi),系統(tong)的(de)可靠性(xing)和靈(ling)活性(xing)都大大提高,當然(ran),電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)的(de)信號輸(shu)(shu)入點(dian)(dian)數較多,就初(chu)期投入來講,控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)比繼電(dian)(dian)器的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本要高,不過可以采(cai)用(yong)節省輸(shu)(shu)入點(dian)(dian)的(de)方法解決成(cheng)(cheng)本較高的(de)問(wen)題。
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