電梯(ti)維護保養施工過(guo)程的安全(quan)管理

電梯維護(hu)保(bao)養過(guo)程(cheng)的施(shi)(shi)工安(an)全(quan)事故(或(huo)安(an)全(quan)事件)并不少(shao)見(jian)，應引(yin)起(qi)足夠重(zhong)視(shi)。在(zai)本文(wen)中(zhong)，筆(bi)者(zhe)試對影響電梯維護(hu)保(bao)養過(guo)程(cheng)的施(shi)(shi)工安(an)全(quan)因素進行分析，希(xi)望(wang)對業界的安(an)全(quan)管理提供參考。

1法規要求

電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)維護保(bao)養，通常是電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)使用(yong)單(dan)位委(wei)托具有相應(ying)資(zi)質的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)生產(chan)單(dan)位，以合同規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)服務(wu)形式，對在用(yong)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)進行經常性的(de)(de)監視和(he)檢查，定(ding)期對電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)進行清潔、潤滑、調整、更(geng)換(huan)易(yi)損件和(he)檢查等(deng)日(ri)常維護和(he)保(bao)養性工(gong)作。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)維護保(bao)養施工(gong)，指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)生產(chan)單(dan)位對上述(shu)(shu)工(gong)作的(de)(de)現場操作，是電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維護保(bao)養管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)一部(bu)分。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)維護保(bao)養施工(gong)安全管(guan)理(li)及其相關法規(gui)、安全規(gui)范表(biao)述(shu)(shu)如下。

 (1)《中(zhong)華人民共和國(guo)特種設備(bei)安全法》第四十五條規定：“電梯的維護(hu)(hu)保(bao)養(yang)單位應(ying)當在(zai)維護(hu)(hu)保(bao)養(yang)中(zhong)嚴格執行安全技術規范的要求，保(bao)證其維護(hu)(hu)保(bao)養(yang)的電梯的安全性(xing)能(neng)，并負責落實現場(chang)安全防護(hu)(hu)措施(shi)，保(bao)證施(shi)工安全。”

 (2) 《特種(zhong)設備安(an)(an)(an)全監察條(tiao)例(li)》第五條(tiao)規定：“特種(zhong)設備生產、使用單位(wei)(wei)應當建立健全特種(zhong)設備安(an)(an)(an)全管理制度和崗位(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)全責(ze)(ze)任制度。特種(zhong)設備生產、使用單位(wei)(wei)的主(zhu)要負(fu)責(ze)(ze)人應當對本單位(wei)(wei)特種(zhong)設備的安(an)(an)(an)全全面負(fu)責(ze)(ze)。”第 三十(shi)二條(tiao)規定：“電梯的日(ri)常維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)養單位(wei)(wei)應當在維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)養中(zhong)嚴格(ge)執行國家安(an)(an)(an)全技術(shu)規范的要求，保(bao)(bao)證其維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)養的電梯的安(an)(an)(an)全技術(shu)性能(neng)，并負(fu)責(ze)(ze)落實(shi)現場安(an)(an)(an)全防護(hu)措施(shi)，保(bao)(bao)證施(shi)工安(an)(an)(an)全。”

 (3) TSG T5001-2009《電(dian)梯使用管理(li)與維護保(bao)養規則(ze)》第五條(tiao)規定：“使用單位(wei)應當根據電(dian)梯安(an)(an)全技術規范以及產品安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)使用維護說(shuo)明書(shu)的(de)要求和實(shi)際使用狀況，組織進(jin)行(xing)維保(bao)。”第十條(tiao)規定：“使用單位(wei)的(de)安(an)(an)全管理(li)人員應當履行(xing)下(xia)列職責(ze)........ (七)實(shi)施對(dui)電(dian)梯安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)、改造、維修和維保(bao)工作(zuo)的(de)監督(du)，對(dui)維保(bao)單位(wei)的(de)維保(bao)記錄簽(qian)字確認。”

 (4) 《中華(hua)人民(min)共和國特種設備安全法(fa)》第五十七條規定：“負責特種設備安全監督(du)管理的部門依照本(ben)法(fa)規定，對特種設備生產、經營、使用(yong)單位和檢驗、檢測(ce)機構實施監督(du)檢查(cha)。”

以(yi)上各項法規、安(an)全規范明確指出：電梯的(de)維(wei)護(hu)保養施(shi)工(gong)的(de)安(an)全管理.由使用單位組(zu)織(zhi)并實施(shi)監(jian)督(du)，維(wei)護(hu)保養單位對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)安(an)全負責，特種設備安(an)全監(jian)督(du)管理部門實施(shi)監(jian)督(du)檢查(cha)。

2管理(li)現狀

2.1使(shi)用安全主體(ti)責任未落實

有(you)(you)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)全意識不夠(gou)，只是虛(xu)設(she)一套電(dian)(dian)梯維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)制度，未(wei)(wei)能有(you)(you)效落(luo)實(shi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)梯安(an)(an)(an)全管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)，認為(wei)簽訂合(he)同并支付維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)費用(yong)(yong)就(jiu)完事(shi)，后續的(de)(de)一切(qie)管(guan)理(li)事(shi)項由維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)負(fu)責，忽(hu)略了對使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)環節的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全管(guan)理(li)及對維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)活動進行(xing)(xing)組織(zhi)、監(jian)督(du)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關職責。(1)電(dian)(dian)梯在使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)中會受到環境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)、正常損耗、乘(cheng)客不當使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)對電(dian)(dian)梯設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)損壞等(deng)因素影響，缺(que)乏這(zhe)些(xie)動態信息的(de)(de)收集、 整(zheng)理(li)，就(jiu)不能使(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護保(bao)(bao)養(yang)施(shi)工有(you)(you)的(de)(de)放(fang)矢，難于做(zuo) 到快捷、安(an)(an)(an)全、有(you)(you)效。(2)在用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護保(bao)(bao)養(yang)施(shi)工有(you)(you)可能延(yan)伸(shen)到使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)區域，需要協調施(shi)工與(yu)(yu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)關系，合(he)理(li)調度組織(zhi)，可避免使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)與(yu)(yu)維(wei)(wei)護保(bao)(bao)養(yang)施(shi)工的(de)(de)交叉，防(fang)止(zhi)業主誤入(ru)施(shi)工區域造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)梯事(shi)故或困人(ren)事(shi)件(jian)。(3)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)管(guan)理(li)粗(cu)放(fang)，缺(que)少(shao)對施(shi)工過(guo)程的(de)(de)監(jian)督(du)，對施(shi)工過(guo)程的(de)(de)臨時(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)、明火等(deng)，放(fang)任(ren)施(shi)工單(dan)位(wei)(wei)所為(wei)未(wei)(wei)給予(yu)控制，對施(shi)工警示、與(yu)(yu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)區域有(you)(you)關的(de)(de)防(fang)護設(she)施(shi)設(she)置未(wei)(wei)給予(yu)提醒，容(rong)易埋下安(an)(an)(an)全隱(yin)患。(4)缺(que)少(shao)健全的(de)(de)應急(ji)救援(yuan)(yuan)預案(an)，認為(wei)電(dian)(dian)梯未(wei)(wei)發生過(guo)安(an)(an)(an)全事(shi)故，就(jiu)放(fang)松了維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)施(shi)工過(guo)程的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全監(jian)督(du)。當出(chu)事(shi)故時(shi)，不能及時(shi)組織(zhi)應急(ji)救援(yuan)(yuan)、排(pai)險和搶救，這(zhe)些(xie)都給電(dian)(dian)梯使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)和維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)施(shi)工帶來安(an)(an)(an)全隱(yin)患。

2.2 生(sheng)產安全主體(ti)責(ze)任松懈

近幾(ji)年電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)數(shu)量劇增(zeng)，參與(yu)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)活動的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)位也迅速發展(zhan)，但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)安(an)(an)裝維(wei)(wei)修人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)增(zeng)長跟不(bu)(bu)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)數(shu)量的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)長，市場(chang)需(xu)求與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才技(ji)術資源(yuan)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)矛盾，市場(chang)競爭的(de)(de)(de)后果(guo)(guo)導(dao)致(zhi)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)行為不(bu)(bu)規(gui)范(fan)，一(yi)些(xie)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)單(dan)(dan)位放松了(le)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。(1)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)日常維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保(bao)養工(gong)作(zuo)專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)要(yao)求高、危險大，許(xu)多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)愿意(yi)從事這個行業(ye)(ye)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是有(you)些(xie)規(gui)模小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)單(dan)(dan)位在社(she)會上找一(yi)些(xie)社(she)會人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)臨時(shi)聘請(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，或(huo)(huo)者掛靠在別的(de)(de)(de)公司名下(xia)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)業(ye)(ye)務，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)隊伍的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術力量薄(bo)弱。這些(xie)臨時(shi)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)常知識面不(bu)(bu)廣，認識電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)品(pin)(pin)種單(dan)(dan)一(yi)，面對(dui)(dui)各式各樣的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)情況不(bu)(bu)了(le)解，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)及時(shi)消除故障，對(dui)(dui)自(zi)己(ji)從事的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)工(gong)作(zuo)欠缺(que)(que)責任心(xin)，經(jing)常敷衍了(le)事或(huo)(huo)違(wei)規(gui)操(cao)作(zuo)，容易(yi)釀成悲劇。(2)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)市場(chang)準入條件不(bu)(bu)高，參與(yu)市場(chang)活動的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)位較多，競爭激(ji)烈，有(you)些(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)單(dan)(dan)位采取(qu)低價競爭手段，以(yi)降低維(wei)(wei)保(bao)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)爭得市場(chang)一(yi)杯羹，結(jie)果(guo)(guo)只能(neng)(neng)壓縮(suo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)，缺(que)(que)少(shao)對(dui)(dui)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術培訓(xun)和安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)教(jiao)育(yu)。維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)常識未(wei)充分掌握(wo)就(jiu)匆(cong)忙上崗，必備的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)防護(hu)用(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)能(neng)(neng)省則(ze)省，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)嚴重缺(que)(que)失。⑶由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)特(te)性，維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)是上門服(fu)務的(de)(de)(de)，雖(sui)然(ran)很(hen)多維(wei)(wei)保(bao)單(dan)(dan)位對(dui)(dui)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)有(you)一(yi)些(xie)具體的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)要(yao)求，也配給一(yi)些(xie)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)防護(hu)用(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)，但(dan)疏于(yu)(yu)(yu)施工(gong)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，或(huo)(huo)者以(yi)包代管(guan)(guan)。維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)時(shi)沒有(you)顧及使用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)特(te)點，及時(shi)與(yu)使用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)位溝通(tong)，現(xian)場(chang)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)來去匆(cong)匆(cong)，安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)防護(hu)設施未(wei)設置齊全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)就(jiu)匆(cong)忙開(kai)(kai)工(gong)，造成業(ye)(ye)主誤入維(wei)(wei)保(bao)施工(gong)區域或(huo)(huo)維(wei)(wei)保(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)自(zi)身(shen)傷(shang)害。

2.3 維(wei)保的現場監察乏力(li)

電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)列(lie)于使用(yong)(yong)環節(jie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，使用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)負有組織管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)職責(ze)，電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)也是維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)在電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)使用(yong)(yong)現(xian)(xian)場的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)活動(dong)，生(sheng)產(chan)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)應對(dui)(dui)(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)安(an)(an)全(quan)負責(ze)。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)適用(yong)(yong)于現(xian)(xian)場安(an)(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)。雖然(ran)政府監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)部(bu)門近年(nian)來(lai)相續出(chu)臺(tai)一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)使用(yong)(yong)與(yu)(yu)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)相關(guan)辦法，但這些(xie)辦法更多的(de)(de)是停留在宏(hong)(hong)觀(guan)層面(mian)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)中需(xu)要重點監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)規范(fan)的(de)(de)行為卻沒有具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de) 措施(shi)(shi)出(chu)臺(tai)，實(shi)際監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)中還是存在一(yi)些(xie)問題(ti)：(1)通常縣、市局特(te)種設(she)(she)備安(an)(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)人員(yuan)僅(jin)設(she)(she)置幾名，承擔著轄區成(cheng)千上萬(wan)臺(tai)/套特(te)種設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)重任，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)力(li)(li)量(liang)不足，對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)，多采取(qu)按(an)比例分別抽(chou)查使用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)制度建(jian)設(she)(she)以(yi)及施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)資質、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)記錄等(deng)檢(jian)查方式，現(xian)(xian)場安(an)(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)覆蓋率(lv)和(he)力(li)(li)度有限。(2)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)活動(dong)服從于電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)，造成(cheng)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)時間安(an)(an)排的(de)(de)不確定(ding)性(xing)，維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)涉及的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)難(nan)度與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)作量(liang)，又(you)未達到(dao)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong) 類別中必(bi)須開工(gong)(gong)告(gao)知的(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)度，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)部(bu)門對(dui)(dui)(dui)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)可能處于不知情狀態，也給現(xian)(xian)場安(an)(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)增加(jia)了(le)難(nan)度。 (3)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)數量(liang)的(de)(de)迅猛增加(jia)和(he)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，客觀(guan)上要求更高的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)能力(li)(li)。但一(yi)些(xie)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)人員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)專(zhuan)業技術(shu)(shu)知識、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)安(an)(an)全(quan)作業規程(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)了(le)解有限，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)隊伍的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)能力(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)未能與(yu)(yu)時倶進，只能淡化維(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)實(shi)時抽(chou)查，停留在一(yi)些(xie)宏(hong)(hong)觀(guan)層面(mian)的(de)(de)檢(jian)查，這就體(ti)現(xian)(xian)不了(le)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)維(wei)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)安(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)全(quan)部(bu)，制約(yue)了(le)現(xian)(xian)場安(an)(an)全(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)效果。

3建(jian)議與對策

鑒(jian)于電梯(ti)(ti)維保施(shi)工過程的安全(quan)管理對(dui)落實電梯(ti)(ti)維護保養制度的重要(yao)性，因此要(yao)從以下幾方面加(jia)強管理。

3.1加(jia)強(qiang)維保(bao)單位施工(gong)過程的安全管理

 (1)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)取決于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中存在著較大風(feng)(feng)險(xian)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)應負起生(sheng)產(chan)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)主體責任，在執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)國家規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，引(yin)入風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管理理念(nian)，進行(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)識別，認清面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜環(huan)境和所在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部和外(wai)部風(feng)(feng)險(xian)，分析風(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重程(cheng)度(du)，對(dui)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)進行(xing)(xing)認真(zhen)評價才能制定(ding)有針對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，把風(feng)(feng)險(xian)降到(dao)z低。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)使用(yong)與維(wei)(wei)護(hu)不可(ke)避免受(shou)到(dao)使用(yong)條件、服務人(ren)(ren)(ren)群、電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)生(sheng)產(chan)質量、維(wei)(wei)保水平、企業(ye)(ye)資金等因(yin)素影響.施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中可(ke)能發生(sheng)墜落傷(shang)害(hai)、機(ji)械傷(shang)害(hai)、電(dian)氣(qi)傷(shang)害(hai)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)、建筑廢物從高處墜落可(ke)能帶來打擊危害(hai)等。在識別了(le)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)源后，要(yao)(yao)制定(ding)出(chu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)范措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。首(shou)先要(yao)(yao)求電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)經過相(xiang)關(guan)部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術培(pei)訓，考試合(he)格后持“特(te)種設(she)備作業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)證(zheng)”上(shang)崗(gang)，按照(zhao)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)使用(yong)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)說明書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導制定(ding)“施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(包括安(an)(an)(an)(an) 全(quan)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))” i施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)上(shang)崗(gang)前由專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)對(dui)其進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)教育，進入施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)，進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)交底、技(ji)(ji)術交底，完(wan)成以(yi)上(shang)程(cheng)序(xu)后，按要(yao)(yao)求使用(yong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)帽、安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)帶等防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)用(yong)品。實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時，現(xian)場(chang)持相(xiang)應作業(ye)(ye)項目特(te)種設(she)備作業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)不得(de)少于1人(ren)(ren)(ren)，以(yi)便互相(xiang)照(zhao)應、監護(hu)和監督(du)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵過程(cheng)和特(te)殊過程(cheng)配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)用(yong)具(ju)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)(xing)自檢(jian)和專檢(jian)，實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)監督(du)。此外(wai)，生(sheng)產(chan)單位(wei)還應對(dui)電(dian)動工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)和防(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)用(yong)品損耗按時進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)檢(jian)查(cha)，對(dui)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)規范執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)情況進行(xing)(xing)定(ding)期檢(jian)查(cha)。以(yi)上(shang)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)和實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，能夠有效降低施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)。

 (2)維(wei)保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)應加強行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)自(zi)律，積極(ji)營造(zao)一個(ge)良性有序的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)氛圍(wei)，促進行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)健康發(fa)展。①成(cheng)立同行(xing)(xing)(xing)協會，制定(ding)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)公約，以制度來約束個(ge)別維(wei)保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)不良行(xing)(xing)(xing)為。②根據當地人工工資、交通條件等因素，組織電梯(ti)維(wei)保(bao)成(cheng)本核(he)算咨詢服務(wu)(wu)，避免競(jing)相壓價的(de)惡性行(xing)(xing)(xing)為，提倡公平競(jing)爭(zheng)、技(ji)(ji)術保(bao)障的(de)優質(zhi)服務(wu)(wu)理念。③加強電梯(ti)使(shi)用單(dan)位(wei)(wei)和維(wei)保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)的(de)溝通，使(shi)供(gong)需(xu)雙方明(ming)確各自(zi)承擔的(de)安(an)全(quan) 責任，便于維(wei)保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)按(an)相關法律規程要求開展維(wei)保(bao)技(ji)(ji)術服務(wu)(wu)。④維(wei)保(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)采(cai)取內部培(pei)訓、外派學習等專業(ye)技(ji)(ji)能、 安(an)全(quan)知識培(pei)訓的(de)方式(shi)，提升(sheng)在職維(wei)保(bao)人員(yuan)的(de)素質(zhi)。對(dui)于維(wei)保(bao)人員(yuan)缺口(kou)較大的(de)地區(qu)，可聯合(he)當地的(de)職業(ye)培(pei)訓學校，專門設置電梯(ti)安(an)裝維(wei)修保(bao)養(yang)課(ke)程，定(ding)向培(pei)養(yang)專業(ye)人員(yuan)。

 (3)維(wei)保單位(wei)應(ying)針(zhen)對維(wei)保的不(bu)同類(lei)別(類(lei)型(xing))電梯(ti)，制(zhi)定應(ying)急措(cuo)施和救援(yuan)預案，每半(ban)年至少進行一次應(ying)急演練(lian)。現場(chang)維(wei)保時，應(ying)及時與使用(yong)單位(wei)溝通，避開用(yong)梯(ti)高峰，保證維(wei)保現場(chang)安(an)全警(jing)示、安(an)全防(fang)護設(she)施設(she)置(zhi)有效，防(fang)止使用(yong)者誤入(ru)施工區(qu)域，或采(cai)取措(cuo)施防(fang)止維(wei)保中(zhong)的電梯(ti)被誤用(yong)。

3.2落實維保管理制度，履行組織(zhi)監督職(zhi)責

(1) 使(shi)用(yong)單(dan)位應加強使(shi)用(yong)安全(quan)(quan)主(zhu)體(ti)責任意識，落實好維(wei)(wei)護保(bao)(bao)養管理(li)(li)制度，保(bao)(bao)證電梯(ti)安全(quan)(quan)運行(xing)所必需的(de)(de)投入。選(xuan)擇規模(mo)大、技術能力強、管理(li)(li)較完善、與(yu)電梯(ti)級(ji)別相適(shi)應資(zi)質的(de)(de)生產單(dan)位簽訂維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)合同，配(pei)齊持證的(de)(de)電梯(ti)安全(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)人員，加強電梯(ti)運行(xing)的(de)(de)日(ri)常巡視，發(fa)現故(gu)障隱(yin)患及(ji)時組(zu)織排除。建立維(wei)(wei)修基金制度，保(bao)(bao)障電梯(ti)易損件、耗材、人工成本需要，降低運行(xing)安全(quan)(quan)和維(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)安全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)風險。

(2) 建立以崗(gang)位(wei)責任制為核(he)心的(de)電梯(ti)(ti)使用和(he)運營安(an)全(quan)管理制度，對電梯(ti)(ti)安(an)全(quan)管理人員進(jin)行安(an)全(quan)教(jiao)育和(he)培訓，使他們對電梯(ti)(ti)運行原(yuan)理、安(an)全(quan)附件和(he)特(te)定部(bu)件作用、常(chang)見(jian)故(gu)障處(chu)理方法有(you)一定了解，才能對電梯(ti)(ti)運行的(de)異常(chang)情況(kuang)真實記錄(lu)及(ji)對維(wei)保施工進(jin)行有(you)效監督.促進(jin)維(wei)保工件做得(de)細致到位(wei)。

(3) 根據電(dian)梯的(de)使用環境、運(yun)行(xing)狀況、業主(zhu)(zhu)要求、電(dian)梯品種、零部件壽命等情(qing)(qing)況，與(yu)維(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)單位(wei)一起制(zhi)定(ding)維(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)計劃(hua)，提(ti)前(qian)做好維(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)的(de)時間與(yu)監督人員安排，減少停(ting)梯時間，提(ti)高維(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)效率。電(dian)梯的(de)維(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)過程，做好業主(zhu)(zhu)引導、告(gao)知等協(xie)調組織工作，防(fang)止電(dian)梯在業主(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)知情(qing)(qing)下誤用、誤操作。

(4) 開展應急(ji)救(jiu)援演練，以(yi)鍛煉救(jiu)援隊伍的(de)實戰能力，提高電梯故障或事(shi)故處理效(xiao)率。

3.3加強現(xian)場監察力(li)度(du)，規范維保施工行為

 (1) 建立維(wei)保(bao)(bao)監(jian)控檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)機制，加(jia)強(qiang)現場(chang)安全(quan)監(jian)察力度(du)。將電梯維(wei)護保(bao)(bao)養施(shi)工過程的(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)列入(ru)現場(chang)安全(quan)監(jian)察的(de)抽(chou)查(cha)(cha)樣本，采取突擊檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)的(de)方式(shi)，對施(shi)工方案和施(shi)工人員的(de)資格進行現場(chang)復核，結(jie)合使(shi)用單位(wei)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)制度(du)的(de)落(luo)(luo)實、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)單位(wei)的(de)資質(zhi)、維(wei)保(bao)(bao)記錄等宏觀(guan)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)，重點檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)維(wei)保(bao)(bao)施(shi)工安全(quan)管理(li)制度(du)落(luo)(luo)實情(qing)況，并將檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)結(jie)果(guo)列入(ru)生產安全(quan)主體責任執(zhi)行情(qing)況的(de)考(kao)核。

 (2) 對未按照(zhao)TSG T5001-2009及有關(guan)安(an)全技術(shu)規范以及電(dian)梯產(chan)品安(an)裝使用維護說(shuo)明書的(de)要求制(zhi)定維保(bao)方(fang)案、安(an)全生產(chan)管理制(zhi)度嚴(yan)重缺失(shi)、造成乘(cheng)客傷亡(wang)或(huo)電(dian)梯嚴(yan)重損(sun)壞的(de)維保(bao)單位，給予降(jiang)級或(huo)取消生產(chan)許(xu)可資質。

 (3) 加強監(jian)察人(ren)員電梯(ti)基礎知識、安(an)(an)全技術規(gui)范的培訓學(xue)習，掌握執(zhi)法需要的專業知識，提(ti)高技術執(zhi)法能力(li)。加強監(jian)管(guan)體系建設，合理調配監(jian)察人(ren)員，調動監(jian)察協管(guan)人(ren)員積極性，以(yi)提(ti)高現場安(an)(an)全監(jian)察的實效。

3.4 建(jian)立電梯(ti)責任(ren)保險，有效控制施(shi)工風(feng)險

《中華人民共和國特(te)(te)種設(she)備安(an)全法》第十七(qi)條(tiao)明確規(gui)定：“國家鼓勵投保(bao)(bao)特(te)(te)種設(she)備安(an)全責(ze)任保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)以引導電梯(ti)使(shi)用(yong)、日常維護保(bao)(bao)養單(dan)位(wei)參加電梯(ti)責(ze)任保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，提高事故賠付能(neng)力。”在(zai)用(yong)電梯(ti)的維保(bao)(bao)過程，可能(neng)由于使(shi)用(yong)與維保(bao)(bao)施工在(zai)不可預見的條(tiao)件下，不同(tong)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)現疊加或放大效應而引發(fa)事故，生(sheng)產單(dan)位(wei)和使(shi)用(yong)單(dan)位(wei)應引入(ru)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)機制，建(jian)立健全電梯(ti)責(ze)任保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，利用(yong)社會資源達(da)到有效控制電梯(ti)維保(bao)(bao)施工過程的安(an)全風險(xian)(xian)(xian)。

4結語

電梯(ti)的(de)(de)維(wei)(wei)護保養施(shi)工(gong)過程的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)管理，是保證電梯(ti)維(wei)(wei)護保養質量安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)基礎。只(zhi)有維(wei)(wei)保單位(wei)加強維(wei)(wei)保生產安(an)(an)全(quan)管理，使(shi)用(yong)單位(wei)合理組織并實(shi)施(shi)現場監(jian)督，特種設(she)備(bei)安(an)(an)全(quan)監(jian)督管理部門實(shi)施(shi)有效監(jian)督檢查(cha)，才能實(shi)現正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)作，減少電梯(ti)維(wei)(wei)保施(shi)工(gong)過程的(de)(de)負(fu)能量.為(wei)廣大業主提(ti)供安(an)(an)全(quan)和諧的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)環(huan)境(jing)。